IPv6 Transition Methods

There are a couple of main methods that can be used when transitioning a network from IPv4 to IPv6; these include:

• Dual Stack - Running both IPv4 and IPv6 on the same devices
• Tunneling - Transporting IPv6 traffic through an IPv4 network transparently
• Translation – Converting IPv6 traffic to IPv4 traffic for transport and vice versa.

Dual Stack

The simplest approach when transitioning to IPv6 is to run IPv6 on all of the devices that are currently running IPv4. If this is something that is possible within the organizational network, it is very easy to implement. However, for many organizations, IPv6 is not supported on all of the IPv4 devices; in these situations other methods must be considered.

Tunneling

Most people with some networking knowledge are familiar with the concept of tunneling; a given packet is encapsulated into a wrapper than enables its transport from a source to destination transparently where it is decapsulated and retransmitted. There are a number of different tunneling methods that exist for IPv6, many that are integrated as part of Cisco and other manufactures certification tests. The following list shows the different available tunneling methods:

• Manual IPv6 Tunnels – A manually created IPv6 tunnel is configured between two routers that each must support both IPv4 and IPv6. Incoming traffic that is destined for networks on the other side of the tunnel is encapsulated on the source router and tunneled through IPv4.
• Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) IPv6 tunnels – GRE is a protocol that was developed by Cisco and for the purposes of IPv6 tunneling operates and is configured very much the same as manual tunnels. GRE itself is able to be used to tunnel over a diverse number of network layer protocols other than IPv4. When dealing with IPv6, a GRE tunnel can be used to tunnel IPv6 over IPv4 or IPv4 over IPv6. As with manual tunnels, when configuring GRE tunnels both the source and destination must be manually configured and each must support both IPv4 and IPv6.
• 6to4 Tunnels – As the name suggest a 6to4 tunnel allows IPv6 to be tunneled via IPv4.  Unlike the previously discussed tunneling methods, the 6to4 method is automatically set up using the 2002::/16 IPv6 address space. The IPv4 address for the edge routers is embedded in an IPv6 address that is created.
• IPv6 rapid deployment (6rd) – The 6rd method was derived from the 6to4 method but allows the implementer to use the IPv6 block that was assigned to it.
• IPv4 Compatible Tunnels – The IPv4 Compatible tunneling method is very similar to 6to4 tunneling; both provide a mechanism to tunnel IPv6 over IPv4. The major difference is how the IPv4 address is embedded inside the IPv6 address that is used by the edge device. IPv4 Compatible tunnels have been depreciated but are still covered in some certification exams (including the current Cisco ROUTE exam).
• Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP) Tunnels – Again, like the other tunneling mechanisms, the ISATAP method transport IPv6 traffic over IPv4; unlike other methods the ISATAP method is intended for use inside a site and not between two dual stacked edge devices. Communications between IPv6 hosts is handled through a central IPv6 capable device.

Internet Protocol

The Internet Protocol (IP) is the principal communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. This function of routing enables internetworking, and essentially establishes the Internet.
IP is the primary protocol in the Internet layer of the Internet protocol suite and has the task of delivering packets from the source host to the destination host solely based on the IP addresses. For this purpose, IP defines datagram structures that encapsulate the data to be delivered. It also defines addressing methods that are used to label the datagram source and destination.
Historically, IP was the connectionless datagram service in the original Transmission Control Program introduced by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in 1974, the other being the connection-oriented Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). The Internet protocol suite is therefore often referred to as TCP/IP.
The first major version of IP, Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4), is the dominant protocol of the internet. Its successor is Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6).
Internet Protocol (IPv4)
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the fourth version in the development of the Internet Protocol (IP) and the first version of the protocol to be widely deployed. Together withIPv6, it is at the core of standards-based inter networking methods of the Internet. IPv4 is still used to route most traffic across the Internet

Internet Protocol (IPv6)
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the latest revision of the Internet Protocol (IP), the communications protocol that routes traffic across the Internet. It is intended to replace IPv4, which still carries the vast majority of Internet traffic as of 2013. IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to deal with the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion.
Every device on the Internet, such as a computer or mobile telephone, must be assigned an IP address for identification and location addressing in order to communicate with other devices. With the ever-increasing number of new devices being connected to the Internet, the need arose for more addresses than IPv4 is able to accommodate. IPv6 uses a 128-bit address, allowing for 2128, or approximately 3.4×1038 addresses, or more than 7.9×1028 times as many as IPv4, which uses 32-bit addresses. IPv4 allows for only approximately 4.3 billion addresses. The two protocols are not designed to be inter operable, complicating the transition to IPv6.
IPv6 addresses consist of eight groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by colons, for example 2001:0db8:85a3:0042:1000:8a2e:0370:7334.
Deployment of IPv6 is accelerating, and a symbolic marketing event, World IPv6 Launch, was organized by major Internet service providers and users on 6 June 2012, for which they deployed IPv6 addresses to some of their users, especially in countries that had been lagging in IPv6 adoption. Data from Arbor Networks showed a peak of 0.2% of Internet traffic on IPv6 during the launch. As of late November 2012, IPv6 traffic share was reported to be approaching 1%